I

Chemical Substances – Nature and Behaviour

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations
– Understanding chemical reactions
– Writing and balancing chemical equations
– Types of chemical reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double Displacement, Precipitation
– Energy changes: Exothermic and Endothermic reactions
– Oxidation and Reduction
2. Acids, Bases, and Salts
– Properties and reactions of acids and bases
– Concept of pH scale
– Importance of pH in everyday life
– Preparation and uses of salts
3. Metals and Non-metals
– Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals
– Reactivity series
– Formation and properties of ionic compounds
– Corrosion and its prevention
4. Carbon Compounds
– Introduction to organic compounds
– Nomenclature of carbon compounds
– Chemical properties: Combustion, Oxidation, Addition, Substitution reactions
– Ethanol and Ethanoic acid: Properties and uses
– Soaps and detergents
5. Periodic Classification of Elements
– Early attempts at classification of elements (Dobereiner’s Triads, Newlands’ Law of Octaves)
– Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
– Modern Periodic Table: Position of elements, trends in properties like valency, atomic size, metallic and non-metallic properties

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II

World of Living

1. Life Processes
– Basic concepts of nutrition, respiration, transport, and excretion in plants and animals
2. Control and Coordination
– Nervous system and endocrine system in animals
– Tropic movements and plant hormones
3. Reproduction
– Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals
– Reproductive health
4. Heredity and Evolution
– Basic concepts of heredity
– Evolution and classification
– Human evolution overview

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III

Natural Phenomena

1. Reflection of Light
– Laws of reflection
– Image formation by spherical mirrors
– Uses of concave and convex mirrors
2. Refraction of Light
– Refraction through a glass slab
– Refractive index
– Refraction by spherical lenses
– Image formation by lenses
– Lens formula and magnification
3. The Human Eye and the Colourful World
– Structure and working of the human eye
– Defects of vision and their correction
– Refraction of light through a prism
– Dispersion of light
– Atmospheric refraction
– Scattering of light: Tyndall effect and its applications (e.g., blue sky, reddish sunset)

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IV

Effects of Current

1. Electricity
– Electric current and circuit
– Potential difference and electric current
– Ohm’s law
– Resistance and factors affecting it
– Series and parallel combination of resistors
– Heating effect of electric current and its applications
– Electric power
2. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
– Magnetic field and field lines
– Magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor
– Right-hand thumb rule
– Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
– Electric motor: Principle and working
– Electromagnetic induction
– Electric generator: Principle and working
– Domestic electric circuits

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V

Natural Resources

1. Sources of Energy
– Different forms of energy
– Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
– Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
– Environmental consequences of energy extraction and use
– Importance of sustainable energy practices
2. Our Environment
– Ecosystem: Structure and function
– Food chains and food webs
– Ozone layer and its depletion
– Waste production and management
– Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances
3. Management of Natural Resources
– Conservation and judicious use of natural resources
– Sustainable management of resources
– Water conservation, rainwater harvesting
– Need for resource planning and management

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