The magnitude of a plane region is called its area.
Length of the boundary of a simple closed figure is known as perimeter.
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(l + b) units.
Area of rectangle = l × b square unit.
Perimeter of a square = 4 × side unit.
Area of a square = (side)2 square unit.
Area of a quadrilateral = 
d (h1 + h2) square unit, where, d denotes the length of diagonal AC.
Area of parallelogram = Base × Height square unit.
Area of trapezium = 1/2 × [Sum of parallel sides] × Height square unit.
Area of an equilateral triangle = √3/4 × (Side)2 square unit.
Area of a triangle = 1/2 × Base × Height square unit.
The perimeter of a circle is called its circumference.
The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is always constant and denoted by the Greek letter π. Thus, c/d = π. The value of π is 3.14 correct to two decimal places.
The number π is not a rational number. It is often used as a rational approximation and its value is 22/7.
Circumference of a circle = 2π × Radius = 2πr unit.
Area of a circle = π × (Radius)2 = πr2 square unit.
Area of rhombus = 1/2 (Product of diagonals) = 1/2 × d1 × d2 square unit.
Surface area of a cuboid = 2[lb + bh + hl] square unit
Surface area of a cube = 6l2 square unit
Surface area of a cylinder = 2πr(h + r) square unit
Surface area of Lateral surface area of cuboid = [2(l + b) × h] square unit
Surface area of Lateral surface area of the cube = 4a2 square unit
Surface area of Lateral (curved) surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh square unit
Volume of Cuboid = l × b × h (unit)3
Volume of Cube = l3 (unit)3
Volume of Cylinder = πr2h (unit)3
Volume of Diagonal of the cube = (√3a) units.
1 m2 = 100 dm2 = 10000 cm2
Area of a Trapezium
Area of a trapezium = 12 (sum of parallel sides) × height
So to find the area of a trapezium we require the length of parallel sides and the perpendicular distance between them.
Product of half of the sum of the lengths of parallel sides and the perpendicular distance between them gives the area of trapezium.
Area of a Polygon
We use the method of triangulation which means splitting into triangles.
Solid Shapes
Two-dimensional figures are in fact the faces of three-dimensional shapes. If two faces of a shape are identical, then they are called congruent faces.
Right Circular Cylinder
In a right circular cylinder, the line segment joining the centres of circular faces is perpendicular to the base. In case otherwise, the cylinder will not be a right circular cylinder.
Surface Area of Cube, Cuboid and Cylinder
The surface area of a solid is the sum of the areas of its faces.
Cuboid
Total surface area of a cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
where l, b and h are the length, width and height of the cuboid respectively.
Cylinders
Lateral (curved) surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh
Total surface area of a cylinder = 2πr (h + r)
where r is the radius of the base and h is the height of the cylinder.
We take π to be 22/7 unless otherwise stated.
Volume of Cube, Cuboid and Cylinder
The volume of a three-dimensional object is the amount of space occupied by it. Volume is measured in cubic units.
Cuboid
Volume of cuboid = lbh
where l, b and h are the length, width and height of the cuboid respectively.
OR
Volume of cuboid = area of the base × height
Cube
Total surface area of a cube = 6l2, where l is the side of the cube.
Cylinder
Volume of cylinder = πr2h
where r is the radius of the base and h is the height of the cylinder.
Volume and Capacity
There is not much difference between these two words.
- Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by an object.
- Capacity refers to the quantity that a container holds.
Note: If a water tin holds 100 cm3 of water, then the capacity of water tin is 100 cm3. Capacity is also measured in terms of litres.
The relation between litre and cm3 is,
1 mL = 1 cm3, 1 L = 1000 cm3.
Thus, 1 m3 = 1000000 cm3 = 1000 L.
